Practical Guide: Industrial Emissions Analysis
Emissions and process measurement guidelines
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1. The combustion process
1.1 Energy and combustion
1.2 Combustion plants
1.3 Fuels
1.4 Combustion air, air ratio
1.5 Flue gas (exhaust gas) and its composition
1.6 Gross calorific value, net calorific value, efficiency, flue gas loss
1.7 Dewpoint, condensate
2. Reasons for using gas analysis for industrial flue gases
2.1 Gas analysis to optimise combustion
2.2 Gas analysis for process control
2.3 Gas analysis for emissions check
3. Gas analysis technology
3.1 Terms used in analysis technology (selection)
3.2 Gas analysers
4. Application examples
4.1 Power generation
4.2 Waste disposal
4.3 Non-metallic minerals industry
4.4 Metal/ore industry
4.5 Chemical industry
4.6 Other combustion systems
5. Testo gas analysis technology
5.1 The company
5.2 Typical features
5.3 Overview of Testo‘s industrial flue gas analysers
5.4 Overview of accessories
Gas analysis to optimize combustion
Major contributions to combustion optimization are made by
The composition of fuel and combustion air (gas analysis field of application)
The ignition behaviour and the combustion temperature
The design of the burner and combustion chamber, as well as
The fuel/combustion air ratio (gas analysis field of application).
The optimum ratio of fuel to combustion air (air ratio λ) for a given plant and a specific fuel can be determined from gas analysis readings using the combustion chart (see Figure 7). Here, the concentration progressions of the gas components CO, CO2 and O2 are shown in relation to the air ratio. The line of ideal combustion with 0 excess air is located at an air ratio of λ = 1. To the right, the excess air increases, while to the left lies the range of increasing air deficiency (insufficient air also means insufficient oxygen!).
Figure 7 Combustion chart
Reasons for using gas analysis for industrial flue gases
Gas analysis (i.e. measurement technology for determining the composition of gases) is an indispensable tool for ensuring economical and safe process management in virtually all areas of industry. The focus is on combustion processes, although this is a generic term that encompasses a large number of different processes.
In Figure 6, the progression of a combustion process is presented in sections, beginning (on the left) with the input of fuel and combustion air into a combustion chamber, through the actual combustion and the various processes driven by it, to the flue gas cleaning and finally the emission testing.
Figure 6 Variety and procedural stages of combustion processes